Are You Calculating Customer-Level Profitability?

With ecommerce and omnichannel fulfillment driving significant additional volumes into third-party logistics (3PL) warehouses, many 3PLs have seen increased order volume and revenue. However, do those increases naturally translate into improved profitability?

For years, 3PLs have operated on razor-thin margins that haven’t expanded at pace or sometimes at all, regardless of the volume flowing through warehouses. Why? While some 3PLs have harnessed increased demand to ensure they bill for additional services and raise prices commensurate with increases in wages, facilities costs, and technology costs, others have retained existing transactional pricing that doesn’t account for customer-level nuances. This variable customer-level profitability can hurt overall warehouse profitability.

Calculating Warehouse Profitability

In the most simplistic terms, profitability equals revenue minus expenses. However, this doesn’t allow you to capture the nuances required for a 3PL warehouse. To capture enough information to drive customer-level profitability (and to make it actionable), you must break it down into much greater detail:

• Labor Rate and Hours Spent by Customer
• Warehouse Space (cost per sq. foot) vs. Storage Space Used by Customer
• Freight Cost and Markups
• Material Costs and Markups
• Additional Overhead by Customer (e.g., support hours, facilities overhead)

Make sure to calculate labor and warehouse space costs as fully burdened, meaning you include direct and indirect costs associated. For example, fully burdened labor costs would include costs for all benefits, bonuses, and/or costs associated with agencies for temps or contract workers. Warehouse space should also include the cost of utilities as well.

Once you understand each of these at the customer level, you can then create your detailed profitability assessment.

Labor Costs

To calculate your labor or handling costs associated with a customer, you’ll first have to identify the hourly wage fully burdened of the team working on the customer’s fulfillment. Then, don’t forget to add in a certain percentage for the supervisors overseeing the team on the account.
Once you have the costs, you’ll need to track hours and activities associated with receipt, put away, picking, packing, shipping, and other management activities related to the customer’s inventory.

Handling Profit Margin = ((Transactional Revenue + Hourly Projects Billed) – Fully Burdened Labor Costs) / Transaction Revenue

If you want to calculate the profitability of labor-related activities alone, then you would pull transactional fees associated with the activities listed above and subtract total labor costs. The best way to capture transaction-related fees is within your warehouse management system (WMS), often using mobile-barcode scanning throughout the inventory lifecycle to ensure you track all potential charges.

Warehouse Costs

To determine your warehouse costs, you’ll need to identify the cost per usable/billable square foot. This means available storage locations and excludes things like your offices and receiving areas. Calculate the total amount of available storage space by square foot, making sure to include vertical storage space as well in your calculation. Once you have usable square feet calculated, you can calculate the cost per square foot.

Cost Per Square Foot = (Fully Burdened Rent or Mortgage Cost + Utilities + Insurance) / Usable Square Feet

Taking the fully burdened rent or mortgage costs and adding monthly utilities and insurance gives you your total space costs. Calculate Cost per square foot by dividing your space costs by your usable square feet.

Space Profit Margin = (Storage Revenue – (total sq. ft. used x cost per sq.ft.)) / Storage Revenue

Freight

Some 3PL warehouses manage relationships directly with the shipping carriers rather than using customer-provided shipping accounts. This can allow the 3PL to pre-negotiate significantly favorable rates by aggregating volume across all customers. In those instances, freight markups might apply and add another potential area for profit. Many 3PLs have a flat percentage for markup, making freight profitability easy to calculate and measure.

Materials

Materials can get overlooked when it comes to billing and invoicing. Pallets, packaging, labels, and other material-related costs should get captured at the customer level and included in customer invoices unless the customer supplies the packaging. Once again, many 3PLs have a flat percentage markup to ensure a consistent level of profitability on materials.

Overhead

Don’t forget to include customer support, technology, software, and other equipment costs into an overhead calculation. In some situations, like support, you might attribute time to specific customers and bill for support hours. However, for things like technology and equipment, you may have to allocate a percentage to each customer based on their percentage of the business.

Calculating Customer-Level Profitability

To calculate customer profitability, calculate the total monthly costs from the sections above and subtract those costs by the total monthly invoice sent to the customer. Then turn it into a percentage so that you can monitor your profit percentages from month to month for fluctuations or changes. Also, by looking at it as a percentage, you can compare how profitable each customer is and adjust your strategies accordingly.

Customer Profit Margin (%) = (Total Invoice/Revenue – (Warehouse Costs + Labor costs + Overhead Costs + Freight Costs + Materials Costs) / Total Revenue

While calculating warehouse customer-specific profitability may sound tedious, it can often help identify which customers need price increases or which customers might not fit within your business model. Additionally, by calculating each section (e.g., 3PL warehouse costs, labor costs, etc.) at the granular level you can get insight into your pricing strategies and where you might need to modify pricing schedules.

Learn More about Customer Profitability

If you want to improve your warehouse’s profitability, consider how you plan and forecast, what competitive advantages you offer, where you can automate warehouse activities, your WMS integrations and connectivity, and how you use your warehouse space. Download the Five Point Warehouse Profitability Tune Up to learn how to grow your profits today or contact us to reach out to a warehouse management software expert and learn more.